胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案(学习必备)

胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案

1. Design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.

2.Function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously

inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.

4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.

5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.

6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.

9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.

10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.

13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.

14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.

15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. 18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.

19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 20 ． Articulatory phonetics : the study of production of speechsounds.

21 ． Coarticulation : a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.

22 ． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.

23 ． Broad and narrow transcription : the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad

transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

24 ． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

25 ． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.

26 ． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of /t/in

English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.

27 ． Vowl :are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

28 ． Manner of articulation : in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.

29.Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.

30 ． Distinctive features : a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.

31 ． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. 32 ． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.

33 ． Suprasegmental :suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34 ． Suprasegmental :aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.

35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.

36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.

38.affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes. 40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity. 41.allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is

but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

42.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.

44.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. 45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”) 46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.

47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.

48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.

49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.

50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.

52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.

53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.

54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.

55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.

56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.

57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.

59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous

60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.

61.concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.

62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.

63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent. 64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate

constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.

66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.

67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.

68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive. 69.c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.

70.government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar,