exercise started 20 per cent fewer verbal and 39 per cent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.
Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive- as they often are when absorbed in a device- it can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback: The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. “Parents don’t have to be exquisitely present at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says Radesky.
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids
’ use of screens
”
are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting
with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn
’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no
value to it- particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets them be more available to their child the rest of the time.
26.According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to______.
[A] absorb user attention [B] increase work efficiency [C] simplify routine matters [D] better interpersonal relations
27.Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices______.
[A] takes away babies’ appetite
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[B] distracts children’s attention [C] reduces mother-child communication [D] slows down babies’ verbal development
28.Radesky cites the “still face experiment” to show that______.
[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions [B] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs [C] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange [D] children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ mood
29.The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to______.
[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies [B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year [C] remain concerned about kids’ use of screens [D] ensure constant interaction with their children
30.According to Tronick, kids’ use of screens may_______.
[A] make their parents more creative [B] give their parents some free time [C] help them with their homework [D] help them become more attentive Text2【答案】
26. A absorb user attention
27. C reduces mother-child communication 28. B parents need to respond to children
’s emotional needs
29.D ensure constant interaction with their children 30.B give their parents some free time
Text 3
Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction 7
with
increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving word often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay ack a year doesnnatural to spend a year doing something that isnBut while this may e true it
’t it? And after going to school for 12 years it doesn
’t academic.
’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. Thereys a
’s
constant fear of falling ehind e eryone else on the socially perpetuated
whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or a lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hind the success of academic pursuits-in fact, it probably enhances it.
Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college that those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes - all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.
If you
’re not con inced of the inherent alue in taking a year off to explore interests then
consider its financial impact on future academic choice. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’surprising t considering the asic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of the vast academic possibilities that await them in college. Many students find themselves listing one major on their college application, but switching to another after taking college classes. It
necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it ’s not
can be closely to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston college, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.
31.One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that
A. they think it academically misleading B. they have a lot of fun to expect in college C. it feels strange to do differently from others D. It seems worthless to take off-campus courses
32.Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps
A.Keep students from being unrealistic B.Lower risks in choosing careers C.Ease freshmen33.The word
’s financial urdens
” (Line 8 Para. 3) is closest in meaning to
D.Relieve freshmen of pressures
“acclimation
A.Adaptation B.Application C.Motivation D.Competition
34.A gap year may save money for students by helping them
“race to the finish li
8
A. Avoid academic failures B. Establish long-term goal C. Switch to another college D. Decide on the right major
35.The most suitable title for this text would be
A. In Favor of the Gap B. The ABCs of the Gap Year C. The Gap Year Comes Back D. The Gap Year :A Dilemma Text3【答案】
31.B They have a lot of fun to expect in college 32.D relieve freshmen of pressure 33.B adaptation
34.A decide on the right major 35.B In favor of the Gap Year
Text 4
Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of the wildfires is a national concern because of impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.
In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spend on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal finds todays are going towards the agencyaffect the lives of all Americans.
Another nationwide concern is whether public front other agencies are going into construction in fire—prone districts. As Moritz puts it ,how often are federal dollors building homes are likely to be lost to a widefire?
“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure persperctive for the whole country,he says “We need to take a manifying glass to that. Like,
want instead to redirect those funds to concertrate on lower—hazardparts of the landscape?”
Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today researchers say.
For one thing, conversation about wildfires needs to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change —how the warning of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.
While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldnthe equation.
“The human system and landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go boths ways,” he says. Falling to recognize that, he notes, leads to “ an overly simplified view of what the
9
’s other work—such as forest
conservations, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that
”
“Wait a minitues, is this Ok?” Do we
views fires,
’t come at the expense of the rest of
solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”
At the same time , people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Proffesor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing for the laws, politics, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says .
“We’re disconnected ourselves from living with fire,
” Balch says ,” It is really important to
understand and try and trease out what is the human connection with the fire today .”
36. More frequency wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they tend to A. cause a huge a rise of infrastructure expenditure B. severely damaged the ecology of western states C. consumed a record—high percentage of budget D. exhausted unprecendented management efforts 37. Moritz calls for the use of “a magnifying glass” to A. raise more funds for fire-prone areas B. guarantee safer spending of public funds C. avoid the redirection of federal money D. find widefire—free parts of the landscape
38. While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that A. public debates have not selected yet B. fire—fighting conditions are improving C. other factors should not be overlooked D. a shift in the view of fire has taken place
39. The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of falling to A. understand the interrelation of man and nature B. maximize the role of landscape in human life C.explore the mechanism of the human systems D. discover the fundamental makeup of nature
40. Professor Balch point out that fire is something man should A. do away with B. keep away from C. pay a price for D. come to terms with
Text4【答案】
36. C consumed a record-high percentage of budget 37. A raise more fund for fire-prone areas 38. C other factors should nod be overlooked
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2017全国考研英语二真题+答案.doc
