交通工程专业英语翻译

Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化

The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．

交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史开展。运输署早期功能是满足根本需要搬运粮食供给和建材等领域。但随着部落，然后人民，和最后国家形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、 宗族、 家庭和动物保护他们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为，并在寻找最好的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征，运输日益需要开放地区的开展，以提供对天然资源，促进族裔间的贸易，并调动外乡防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运而生时，运输发挥了重要的作用，建立民族气节

After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regions．Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances．In fact，today’s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences．

根本社会需求大体上已照顾到后，当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、 文化和科技开展共同。再次，运输提供所需的这种部落之间、 国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会，今天代表国际大家庭，交通工具的移动人员和货物，物理过程，从而促进这种开展，通过向此逐步开展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几个因素及环境所致。事实上，今天的各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。

Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency．For centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transport．The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained．There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and

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sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.

显然符合运输的首要准那么是效率。几百年来，特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间，社会需要快速、 可靠、 和低本钱的运输。寻找适宜的技术是相对无约束。倍时，在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、 快速的运输需求，并快速解决方案所需的国家自卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往证明的生存空间，有时胜利的决定性因素。随后改良和开展，这种新技术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交通需求，从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。

The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.

需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运输。这导致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和巩固的陆地车辆。最终，自航引入，蒸汽机船、 铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果，更多先进的传输技术如飞机和，最近，火箭推进开展。

The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today' s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.

今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具 ' s 运输系统，其中包括空中、 地面、 和海上运输。而是有限的应用程序如管道、 电缆和带的交通工具的开展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好，以及本钱效益的经济上的要求，在现有的各种运输模式普遍到达而是特定的功能。

Although transport's potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.

虽然运输的潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改善，很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运输技术的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因此，几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股权问题，因为业务费用所需的费用不是负担得起的所有人口群体，从而限制了他们的流动性和福利。许多国家的政府补贴交通工具，选择了，但很快意识到，所涉预算问题经常在自己国家的经济造成严重扭曲。

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Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.

逐渐引起各种交通工具的污染成了另一个严重的问题，作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益增加的商品流动和人旅行的需要。过高的人口和产业的浓度在世界一些地区，这种对环境的不利影响已到达高水平。这种损害的这些影响还很充分探讨。

Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious inflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.

最后，特别是石油、 世界能源资源日益减少，所引起的问题越来越多地阻碍了交通效劳和操作。大多数现有交通工具都依赖石油衍生品的正常运作。对交通的需求有增无减，逐步有限的能源供给提供运输的费用稳步增加。特别是石油需求和石油供给的非均衡性，引起严重的通胀问题在许多国家中出现。打击尤其是局部或全部依赖外部的石油供给，经历了它们的经常账户赤字不断增长的国家。

The transport sector' s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare. There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. Obviously, the development of transport demand will have to be controlled.

运输部门 ' s 越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，所有国家都必须应付在试图推动经济开展和社会进步的一个问题。能源供给约束、 较高的资本和经营本钱，往往与过度外汇组件和运输有关环境污染帐户在很大程度上对这一问题的严重性。但运输是并将继续是世界的开展和人类福利的根本要求。有没有别的选择，但寻找替代目前的运输系统，或修改相关模式的技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及本钱失败会减少和环境的影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显，开展的运输需求将不得不加以控制。

Notes

l. As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity, transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．

随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐步确定，开发新区域、开采新资源、开展社区间

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